Deliberate hypotension:The task force believes that the use of deliberate hypotension has not been associated with POVL and can be used on a case by case basis. Deliberate hypotension use in patients without chronic hypertension indicate that mean arterial pressure should be maintained on average within 24% of baseline or a minimum systolic blood pressure of 84 mmHg.

Fluids: Recommend monitoring CVP in high risk patients and colloids should be used with crystalloids.

Anemia: No difference in Hct. in those with and without POVL. Hct/Hb levels should be monitored but no recommendations on Hb levels.

Vasopressors:There is no guidance from the literature on the use of alpha adrenergic agonists and so should be decided on a case by case basis.

EBL: POVL is associated with substantial blood loss (44% of est. blood vol.)

Patient position: Avoid direct pressure on eyes, head level or higher than body, eyes should be assessed and documented regularly, facial edema is common. maintain neutral head position, avoid flexion, extension or rotation.

Staging:94% of POVL have procedures greater than 6 hr. All agree with staging of procedure longer than 6 hr that may have substantial (44%) blood loss.